When you think of software, programs like Chrome, Microsoft Word, or Windows likely come to mind. But behind the scenes, there’s a quiet yet powerful type of software that works without much attention — firmware. It’s small, it’s specific, and it’s essential.
In this blog, we’ll explore what firmware is, where it’s used, how it differs from other types of software, and why it’s so important for the devices we rely on every day.
What is Firmware?
Firmware is a special type of software that is permanently stored in a device’s non-volatile memory — such as ROM (Read-Only Memory), flash memory, or EEPROM. It provides low-level control for the hardware and enables your devices to function correctly.
It acts as a bridge between hardware and higher-level software, ensuring your device boots up, responds to inputs, and performs its core functions.
Related: What is System Software? | Application Software?
Key Characteristics of Firmware
- Non-volatile: Retains data even when power is off
- Device-specific: Tailored for the hardware it runs on
- Low-level: Operates close to the hardware level
- Permanent but updatable: Can often be updated (flashed) for improvements or fixes
Where Is Firmware Found? Common Examples
Firmware is everywhere — embedded into your devices from the moment they leave the factory. Here are some common examples:
| Device | Firmware Role |
| Smartphones | Controls hardware like the touchscreen or modem |
| Wi-Fi Routers | Manages network traffic and device connectivity |
| Printers | Interprets print commands from computers |
| Smart TVs | Powers the menu, remote functions, and display settings |
| Washing Machines | Runs wash cycles and sensor controls |
| BIOS/UEFI in PCs | Initializes hardware before the operating system starts |
Related: Types of Computer Hardware | Input, Output, Storage
How Firmware Works
Let’s use a computer as an example:
- When you turn on your PC, the BIOS firmware checks if the hardware (CPU, RAM, keyboard, etc.) is working.
- Once everything is okay, it passes control to the operating system (system software).
- After that, you can run application software like Chrome or Excel.
Can Firmware Be Updated?
Yes! While early firmware was fixed, modern firmware can be updated — and this process is called a firmware update or flashing.
Why Update Firmware?
- Fix bugs or security issues
- Add new features
- Improve hardware performance
- Ensure compatibility with new software
Note: Firmware updates should be done carefully. A failed update can render your device unusable (a state known as “bricked”).
Firmware vs Software: What’s the Difference?
| Feature | Firmware | Software (System/Application) |
| Location | Stored in ROM/flash memory | Stored on hard drive or SSD |
| Purpose | Controls hardware directly | Provides user interface and functions |
| Modifiability | Harder to change, occasionally updatable | Easily installed, removed, or updated |
| User Interaction | No direct user interaction | Designed for user interaction |
| Examples | BIOS, router firmware, printer firmware | Windows OS, MS Word, Google Chrome |
Related Concepts: Middleware and System Software
- Firmware vs System Software: Firmware controls hardware at startup; system software manages hardware after the system boots.
- Firmware vs Middleware: Middleware helps application software communicate with system software; firmware helps hardware function in the first place.
Related reads:
- What is System Software?
- What is Middleware? | Bridge Between Software and OS
Real-Life Example: Firmware in Action
Imagine updating your smartphone:
- Your device reboots.
- A message says, “Installing update…”.
- What’s happening? The firmware is being updated to improve system stability or add features — all before the operating system even starts.
Conclusion
Firmware may not be visible or user-facing, but it’s critical to the functioning of almost every digital device. From powering up your PC to running your washing machine cycles, firmware is the silent software hero in the background.
By understanding what firmware is and how it works, you’ll better appreciate how your devices function — and how to keep them running smoothly.
